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EBS

Energiebudgetierende Sensornetze mit regenerativen Energiequellen

Kontakt Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Volker Turau
Finanzierung Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)

Projektbeschreibung

Das Projekt entwickelt Modelle, Verfahren und ein Experimentalsystem für energie-budgetierende Sensornetze mit regenerativen Energiequellen, die energieneutral eine theoretisch unendliche Lebensdauer haben. Dazu wird die aktuell gespeicherte und zukünftig erwartete Energie abgeschätzt und Operationen (in Knoten bzw. im Netz) nur begonnen, wenn für sie zuverlässig genügend Energie zur Verfügung steht. Dieses Projekt leistet einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum Stand der Forschung, in der zunehmend regenerative Energiequellen für Sensornetze ("Energy Harvesting") untersucht werden.

Mit seiner mehrjährigen Erfahrung im Bereich Sensornetze entwickelt das Institut für Telematik zunächst Modelle für eine für Energiebudgetierung geeignete Hardware (Energieabflüsse, -speicher, -quellen, Referenzarchitektur). Auf deren Basis werden Modelle und Algorithmen für die Energiebudgetierung in einzelnen Sensorknoten und im Netz als Ganzes entwickelt. Deren Anwendbarkeit wird mit einem Experimentalsystem (Hardware, Systembibliotheken und Beispielanwendung) gezeigt.

EBS wird durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) für 3 Jahre gefördert.

Publikationen

Christian Renner und Volker Turau. State-of-Charge Assessment for Supercap-Powered Sensor Nodes: Keep it Simple Stupid!. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Algorithms and Concepts for Networked Sensing Systems Powered by Energy Harvesters (EnHaNSS'12), Juni 2012. Antwerp, Belgium.
@InProceedings{Telematik_RT_2012_CapModels, author = {Christian Renner and Volker Turau}, title = {State-of-Charge Assessment for Supercap-Powered Sensor Nodes: Keep it Simple Stupid!}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Workshop on Algorithms and Concepts for Networked Sensing Systems Powered by Energy Harvesters (EnHaNSS'12)}, day = {11}, month = jun, year = 2012, location = {Antwerp, Belgium}, }
Abstract: Electric double-layer capacitors, also known as supercaps, have several advantages over traditional energy buffers: They do not require complex charging circuits, offer virtually unlimited charge-discharge cycles, and generally enable easy state-of-charge assessment. A closer look yet reveals that leakage and internal reorganization effects hamper state-of-charge assessment by means of terminal voltage, particularly after a charging cycle. Sophisticated models capture this effect at the cost of an increased calculation and parameter-estimation complexity. As this is hardly feasible on low-power, low-resource sensor nodes, we evaluate the performance of simple models on a real energy-harvesting sensor node platform. We show that model errors are as low as 1-2% on average and never exceed 5% in our experiments, supporting that there is no need to employ more complex models on common sensor node platforms, equipped with unreliable ADC readings and uncertain consumption due to hardware variation in the same order of magnitude.
Christian Renner, Florian Meier und Volker Turau. Holistic Online Energy Assessment: Feasibility and Practical Application. In Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems (INSS'12), Juni 2012. Antwerp, Belgium. Best Student Paper Award.
@InProceedings{Telematik_RT_2012_HolisticEnergyAssessment, author = {Christian Renner and Florian Meier and Volker Turau}, title = {Holistic Online Energy Assessment: Feasibility and Practical Application}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems (INSS'12)}, day = {11-14}, month = jun, year = 2012, location = {Antwerp, Belgium}, note = {Best Student Paper Award}, }
Abstract: Combining energy harvesting with energy-aware scheduling enables perpetually operating sensor networks. The practical realization of this goal yet requires reliable and precise holistic online energy assessment. While the building blocks--assessing residual energy, predicting energy intake, and tracing energy consumption--have been studied in detail, the analysis of their interaction on a real platform has been neglected. This paper answers the question, whether these techniques can be easily joined to give a precise and correct picture of a sensor node's energetic state and behavior. For this purpose, we model the energy flow of a prototype energy-harvesting sensor node and evaluate the joint performance of state-of-the-art energy assessment based on a field test. We verify the system model and show the feasibility of holistic energy assessment, which tolerates small configuration errors, achievable with a combination of generic configuration and online calibration. We also analyze the feasibility of forecasting a node's future energetic state, and find that the presented method gives sufficient results for uniformly distributed consumption profiles.
Christian Renner, Florian Meier und Volker Turau. Policies for Predictive Energy Management with Supercapacitors. In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Networks and Systems for Pervasive Computing (PerSeNS'12), März 2012. Lugano, Switzerland.
@InProceedings{Telematik_RT_2012_Epol, author = {Christian Renner and Florian Meier and Volker Turau}, title = {Policies for Predictive Energy Management with Supercapacitors}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Networks and Systems for Pervasive Computing (PerSeNS'12)}, day = {19-23}, month = mar, year = 2012, location = {Lugano, Switzerland}, }
Abstract: This paper presents an algorithm to dynamically determine the maximum supported uniform demand for energy of sensor nodes powered by energy harvesters using supercapacitors as energy buffers. Knowledge about the maximum uniform consumption is required to adapt the sensor node's duty cycle or task schedule to achieve uniform, utility-maximizing, and depletion-safe operation. Our algorithm makes use of a supercapacitors' relationship between state-of-charge and voltage, is particularly designed to handle the non-linear system model, and is lightweight enough to run on low-power sensor node hardware. We define three energy policies, evaluate their performance using a real-world solar-harvesting trace, and analyze the influence of the supercapacitor's capacity and errors of the energy forecast.
Christian Renner und Volker Turau. Adaptive Energy-Harvest Profiling to Enhance Depletion-Safe Operation and Efficient Task Scheduling. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, 2(1):43–56, März 2012.
@Article{Telematik_RT_2012_AdaptiveSlotting, author = {Christian Renner and Volker Turau}, title = {Adaptive Energy-Harvest Profiling to Enhance Depletion-Safe Operation and Efficient Task Scheduling}, pages = {43-56}, journal = {Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, month = mar, year = 2012, issn = {2210-5379}, }
Abstract: Forecasting the expected energy harvest enables small-sized energy-harvesting sensor nodes to schedule tasks or adapt the radio duty cycle. This ability ensures depletion-safe and efficient operation. Most energy sources exhibit cyclic patterns of intensity, e.g., the sun. These patterns show periods with unequal--low versus high and stable versus varying--energy production and heavily depend on a node's location as well as seasonal and environmental changes. Existing forecast algorithms do not exploit these patterns, but create and update forecasts at static and arbitrary points in time, the main knob being the number of updates per cycle. We present a method enabling sensor nodes to adapt to harvesting patterns at runtime. It is designed for seamlessly replacing the static scheme to improve the accuracy of a wide range of existing forecast algorithms. In our evaluation, we show that (i) the adaptive method traces the energy pattern in real-world deployments accurately, (ii) reacts to seasonal and environmental changes, (iii) increases forecast accuracy, and (iv) reduces the number of prediction updates. These achievements enhance depletion-safe operation and efficient task scheduling with fewer recalculations and adjustments of the duty cycle. They also facilitate the exchange of harvesting forecasts for collaborative node tasks, since less information has to be shared.
Christian Renner, Florian Meier und Volker Turau. Poster Abstract: Energy Assessment in Praxis. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN'12), Februar 2012. Trento, Italy.
@InProceedings{Telematik_RT_2012_EnergyAssessment, author = {Christian Renner and Florian Meier and Volker Turau}, title = {Poster Abstract: Energy Assessment in Praxis}, booktitle = {Adjunct Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN'12)}, day = {15-17}, month = feb, year = 2012, location = {Trento, Italy}, }
Abstract: Combining energy harvesting with energy-aware scheduling enables perpetually operating sensor networks. Practical realization yet requires precise holistic online energy assessment. The building blocks are available, but the analysis of their interaction has been neglected. To close the gap, we evaluate the joint performance of energy assessment components. Our experiments substantiate that holistic energy assessment is feasible and that small configuration errors are tolerable.
Stefan Unterschütz, Christian Renner und Volker Turau. Opportunistic, Receiver-Initiated Data-Collection Protocol. In Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN'12), Februar 2012. Trento, Italy.
@InProceedings{Telematik_URT_2012_Orinoco, author = {Stefan Untersch{\"u}tz and Christian Renner and Volker Turau}, title = {Opportunistic, Receiver-Initiated Data-Collection Protocol}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN'12)}, day = {15-17}, month = feb, year = 2012, location = {Trento, Italy}, }
Abstract: This paper presents and evaluates ORiNoCo, a novel data-collection and event-reporting protocol for sensor networks. ORiNoCo is built upon the asynchronous duty-cycle protocol RI-MAC and breaks with the tradition of exchanging extensive neighborhood information, a cornerstone of many competing collection protocols and one of their major source of communication overhead and energy expenditure. The merit of this venture is an opportunistic, energy-efficient, latency-reducing, and self-stabilizing protocol. ORiNoCo comes at virtually no extra costs in terms of memory demand and communication overhead compared to RI-MAC. We derive theoretical boundaries for the improvements in radio efficiency, latency, and energy-consumption. ORiNoCo is verified with these findings via simulation and compared with CTP. ORiNoCo achieves lower energy-consumption while reducing end-to-end delays.
Christian Renner, Stefan Unterschütz und Volker Turau. Power Management for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Energy Budgets. Technical Report urn:nbn:de:gbv:830-tubdok-11065, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany, Juli 2011.
@TechReport{Renner_Unterschuetz_PowerManagement-TechReport, author = {Christian Renner and Stefan Untersch{\"u}tz and Volker Turau}, title = {Power Management for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Energy Budgets}, number = {urn:nbn:de:gbv:830-tubdok-11065}, institution = {Hamburg University of Technology}, address = {Hamburg, Germany}, month = jul, year = 2011, }
Abstract: This paper proposes and assesses analytical tools for large-scale monitoring applications with wireless sensor networks powered by energy-harvesting supplies. We introduce the concept of an energy budget, the amount of energy available to a sensor node for a given period of time. The presented tools can be utilized to realize distributed algorithms that determine a schedule to perform the monitoring task and the inherent communication. Scheduling is based on the energy budgets of the nodes or on latency requirements. In this context, we derive theoretical results for the energy consumption of the individual nodes plus the latency of event-reporting. These results are verified by simulations and a real testbed implementation.
Christian Renner und Volker Turau. CapLibrate: Self-Calibration of an Energy Harvesting Power Supply with Supercapacitors. In Proceedings of the GI/ITG Workshop on Energy-aware Systems and Methods, Februar 2010. Hannover, Germany.
@InProceedings{Telematik_RT_2010_CapLibrate, author = {Christian Renner and Volker Turau}, title = {CapLibrate: Self-Calibration of an Energy Harvesting Power Supply with Supercapacitors}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the GI/ITG Workshop on Energy-aware Systems and Methods}, day = {22-23}, month = feb, year = 2010, location = {Hannover, Germany}, }
Abstract: Achieving perpetual and self-sustaining operation of wireless sensor nodes is an important topic of current research in the field of energy harvesting. Closely related to this is the employment of energy budgeting, i.e., effective utilization of available and future energy resources without pushing a node towards the hazard of energy depletion. Therefore, reliable prediction of node lifetime in context of the available energy within a given time is required. This in turn requires self-calibration of the sensor nodes and their energy harvesting supply. In this paper, we explore and assess models for a supercapacitor-based harvesting supply. The parameters of the models are discussed and determined, so that fast, reliable, and energy-efficient calibration becomes possible. Moreover, measurement results for a specific hardware platform are discussed and a roadmap for a self-calibration algorithm is presented.
Christian Renner, Jürgen Jessen und Volker Turau. Poster: Energy Estimation for Harvesting Supplies with Supercaps. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Self-Organizing Wireless Sensor and Communication Networks, Oktober 2009. Hamburg, Germany.
@InProceedings{Telematik_RJT_2009_EnergyEstimation, author = {Christian Renner and J{\"u}rgen Jessen and Volker Turau}, title = {Poster: Energy Estimation for Harvesting Supplies with Supercaps}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Self-Organizing Wireless Sensor and Communication Networks}, day = {8-9}, month = oct, year = 2009, location = {Hamburg, Germany}, }
Christoph Weyer, Christian Renner, Volker Turau und Hannes Frey. A Roadmap for Hardware and Software Support for Developing Energy-Efficient Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 8th GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespräch "Drahtlose Sensornetze" (FGSN'09), August 2009, pp. 67–70. Hamburg, Germany.
@InProceedings{Telematik_WRTF_2009_Roadmap, author = {Christoph Weyer and Christian Renner and Volker Turau and Hannes Frey}, title = {A Roadmap for Hardware and Software Support for Developing Energy-Efficient Sensor Networks}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespr{\"a}ch "Drahtlose Sensornetze" (FGSN'09)}, pages = {67-70}, day = {13-14}, month = aug, year = 2009, location = {Hamburg, Germany}, }
Abstract: Support for developing energy-efficient applications for wireless sensor networks is still scarce. In this paper a roadmap of a combined hardware and software approach is presented. The main idea is to collect state information and trace energy consumption of an application running in a testbed of real sensor nodes.
Christian Renner, Jürgen Jessen und Volker Turau. Lifetime Prediction for Supercapacitor-powered Wireless Sensor Nodes. In Proceedings of the 8th GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespräch "Drahtlose Sensornetze" (FGSN'09), August 2009, pp. 55–58. Hamburg, Germany.
@InProceedings{Telematik_RJT_2009_Supercap, author = {Christian Renner and J{\"u}rgen Jessen and Volker Turau}, title = {Lifetime Prediction for Supercapacitor-powered Wireless Sensor Nodes}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespr{\"a}ch "Drahtlose Sensornetze" (FGSN'09)}, pages = {55-58}, day = {13-14}, month = aug, year = 2009, location = {Hamburg, Germany}, }
Abstract: Energy-aware task scheduling is a novel research direction for wireless sensor networks. It depends on accurate models for lifetime prediction. In other terms, nodes must be aware of present and future energy resources. This paper addresses the first step towards reaching this goal: It explores discharging-characteristics of supercapacitors, discusses analytical discharging-models for lifetime prediction, and evaluates these models by comparing them with real discharging curves.

Studentische Arbeiten

Abgeschlossene Arbeiten